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Item Establishing the influence of School Infrastructure on Drug Abuse among Secondary School Students in Naivasha Sub- County, Nakuru County, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2022) Nyagaka, K Lydia.,; Tarus, K. Prisca.,; Mayabi, M Janerose .Drug abuse is a rampant problem in secondary schools and colleges in Kenya. High number of students are abusing drugs while in school. Some studies have indicated a correlation between drug abuse and school infrastructure. This study sought to investigate whether school infrastructure influenced secondary school students in Naivasha Sub County into drug abuse. The study employed a descriptive survey research design and was guided by Social cognitive theory by Albert Bandura and the Modified Social Stress Model by Rodes and Jason and as modified by World Health Organization/Programme on Substance Abuse (WHO/PSA). The target study population was 31,626 respondents comprising 63 deputy principals, 63 guidance and counselling teachers and 31,500 students. A sample of 20 percent was considered suitable for schools. Therefore, 13 schools were randomly sampled for the study. Sampling for students was based on Krejcie and Morgan (1990) matrix whereby 380 students (form 2 and 3) were sampled. Simple random sampling method was used to select student respondents. Teacher counsellors and deputy principals were purposefully selected from the 13 sampled schools. A total sample size of 406 respondents was obtained. Three questionnaires presented in Likert scale were used in the study targeting students, teacher counsellors and deputy principals. The questionnaires were checked and validated by expert psychologists and counsellors from the Laikipia University, Department of Psychology, Counselling and Education Foundations. In ensuring reliability, test re-test method was applied by administering the questionnaire in a pilot study in two schools in the neighbouring sub-county of Gilgil. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.753, 0.812 and 0.823 were obtained for students, Deputy Principals and teacher counsellors respectively; indicating a high positive correlation. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The results revealed that school infrastructure influenced drug abuse among secondary school students in Naivasha sub-county. Based on the findings, the government, entrepreneurs and school administrators need to put up conducive infrastructure in schools because of its contribution in the reduction of drug abuse amongst students. However, research across Kenya would give a wider perspective on how school infrastructure influenced drug abuse in secondary schools. Keywords: Drug abuse, influence, school infrastructure, school administrators, studentsItem University Sports and Regional Integration in East Africa(Laikipia University, 2022) Ombasa, Andama EdwinThere has been an upsurge of violent conflicts in some countries within the East African region; namely, Burundi, Tanzania, Somalia, Uganda, South Sudan, and Kenya. Within this context, the theme on sports for peace and regional integration has emerged and received support from not only governments but also international organizations and other stakeholders that are interested in peace-building. To promote peace, universities have put emphasis on developing peace-based syllabus and curricula. It was in light of this situation that this paper sought to review studies on sports activities in universities as a foundation of peace and regional integration in East Africa. The study found that more than 96 percent of university students acknowledged sports as a reliable instrument for enhancing peace because sports is a universal language that is understood by all. It was also revealed that a majority of respondents agreed that the level of awareness on sports activities plays an important role in determining the success of university sports as a tool for promoting regional integration. The paper concluded that the positive role of university sports will be felt if university managements institute the necessary infrastructure and create awareness on the importance of sports in promoting regional integration. Keywords: East Africa, peace, reconciliation, regional integration, university sportsItem Uyahe na Raghba ya Jinsia kama Mikakati ya Propaganda: Uchunguzi Kifani wa Mdahalo wa Urais wa Kenya, 2013(Laikipia University, 2022) Khaisie J. L. Wanyama.Politicians use various communication styles to direct and determine how voters understand their political messages. Often, these communication styles end up blurring the voters understanding of the issues to the extent that they end up electing undeserving people. Of the many styles available, propaganda techniques are the most used in political campaigns. This study analyses how two propaganda techniques; plain folk and appeal to gender were used by candidates in the 2013 Kenyan presidential debate to both woo voters and establish their preferability. Two theories guided the research; the Critical Discourse Analysis theory and the Functional theory. Data was words and statements that fall in the categories of plain folk and appeal to gender techniques. Critical, content and qualitative approaches were used to do the analysis. Results showed that the two techniques used by candidates, on one hand built their supposedly good leadership qualities, and on the other, destroyed qualities of their opponents. The candidates also used the two techniques to sell their policies and those of their parties while belittling those of the opposing parties as well as their opponents. This work is valuable to the study of discourse analysis and political communication. It forms a good reference for students of discourse analysis, political science and communication. Further research can be undertaken to establish the use of other styles like rhetoric under a different theory. Keywords: Appeal, gender, plain folk, propaganda, techniquesItem Interlanguage Fossilization: Description and Analysis of Fossilized Grammatical Items in the English Language of Secondary School Learners in Nakuru County, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2022) Beatrice Micheni.,; Nelson Ndiritu.,; Vicky Khasandi Telewa,Interlanguage fossilization is a universal phenomenon that commonly occurs among adult language learners. Secondary school learners complete secondary school level having not mastered the grammar of the English language as revealed by errors in their language performance. Grammar is the core element of language because other elements of the language relate to each other through it. It is also the most descriptive area of language comprising the structures, rules, systems and subsystems which combine to form utterances that effectively communicate ideas, facts and messages. The descriptive nature of grammar makes it complex and prone to fossilization in many aspects especially in the areas of the rules and subsystems. The performance of English language in Kenyan schools seems to be weak, particularly in the area of grammar, as indicated by the KNEC performance results and performance studies that have been carried out. One possible explanation of such performance could be that there is interlanguage fossilization. It had not been established through research whether there was fossilization. This study filled that gap. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the grammatical items indicative of fossilization in the learners’ language, and analysed them to establish whether there is fossilization of grammar, and finally establish the areas of grammar that have fossilized. The interlanguage theory provided the theoretical underpinnings of the study. The study used students from some selected secondary schools in Nakuru County in the period between 2018-2020. Learners’ language was analysed using classroom written tests on selected grammatical areas that manifested the use of the various grammatical items that fossilize which include grammatical structures, systems, subsystems and rules. The findings were that there is fossilization in some areas of grammar. These findings can be used by curriculum planners and educators to formulate intervention strategies and remedial measures to facilitate progress in the development of the learners’ interlanguage until they achieve competence in the English grammar. Keywords: English, fossilization, grammatical items, interlanguage, learnersItem Re-Modulating the Growth Enterprise Market Segment to Drive the Growth of SMEs in Kenya through Securities Market Financing(Laikipia University, 2022) Onyuma,O SamuelAbstract Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are important in driving economic growth in emerging economies, vital in creating dynamic market-oriented growth, and spurring innovations and employment opportunities for a growing population. To do this, they need access to growth finance as well as knowledge and expertise. Access to finance is the main barrier to their growth and competitiveness. However, Kenyan SMEs face limited access to financing from banks due to relatively higher risks associated with them. Securities markets have an imperative role in bridging this financing gap through the provision of alternative funding sources for SMEs as their needs evolve over different phases of their life cycle. In a bid to aid SMEs in their financial growth, the Growth Enterprise Market Segment (GEMS) was created at the Nairobi Securities Market to provide a funding platform, diversification of ownership structure and unlocking value through more favourable listing requirements, while benefiting from increased profile and liquidity within a regulated environment. It targets SMEs with limited track record but with positive growth prospects. Nine years following its introduction, however, the number of SMEs seeking listing has been relatively low. Only six firms have listed on GEMS with five trading with poor stock liquidity and one already delisted. Guided by the Stages Model as well as Efficient Markets theory, and using a multi-scenario document analysis methodology, this paper analyses the literature and examines the reasons behind GEMS’ struggle with attraction of SMEs. It argues that besides regulatory burdens, a range of other business environmental factors conspire and limit SMEs attraction to GEMS. The lack of competent SMEs financing experts, internal organization characteristics, lack of awareness of securities market and understanding of GEMS listing requirements among entrepreneurs in a more sophisticated securities markets financing options, and the urge to raise business profile over and above raising growth capital could have conspired to slow the growth in the number of SMEs listing on GEMS. The paper provides important recommendations on how to re-modulate the GEMS platform to attract more SMEs listing in Kenya. Keywords: Business incubation and acceleration; growth enterprise market segment; Nairobi Securities Exchange; Ibuka platform; small and medium sized enterprises JEL Codes: D53, G32, M13, O16.Item Examining the Social Media Discourse: Towards a Linguistic Study of Facebook Posts Among a Selected Group of Kenyan Internet Users(Laikipia University, 2022) Mwithi, Muthoni FlorenceThe sheer online ubiquity of Facebook is astounding. Facebook is changing the way billions of people in the world relate to one another and share information. A rapidly growing body of research has accompanied the meteoric rise of Facebook as researchers from diverse fields carry out studies on the site. This paper recognises the utility of FB as a novel tool to examine and interpret linguistic features for a selected group of Kenyan FB users. The article discusses and analyses the linguistic features in Facebook posts. Herring’s (2004) Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) theoretical framework is applied to analyse the linguistic features. Online questionnaires were used to obtain data. Keywords: CMDA, Facebook, FB, Kenya, linguistic featuresItem Ethnicization and Power Contest: A Historiographical Reading of Ndung’u’s ‘A Friend of the Court’(Laikipia University, 2022) Kipkorir, Julius.,; Chepkwony A.While focusing on the nexus between popular fiction and history, this paper attempts to resurrect the intersection between the two social constructs. Popular fiction is shaped by the historical environment of the time. This paper demonstrates how Ndung’u, in his book, engages with the historical discourse of ethnicization and power contest within the context of Kenya’s politics. It is premised on the exploration of ethnic bigotry as encapsulated in Ndung’u’s A Friend of the Court. History and popular fiction coalesce in reconstructing the country’s transmogrification which depicts the morphing of society. This paper contends that history and fiction are two indices that intertwine since they are social constructs that mirror society. The boundary between fact and fiction, and history and fiction dissolves. The paper reveals a deconstruction process that subverts the essentialist and dominant modes of critical interpretation that privilege and subordinate literary texts on the basis of the dominant historical discourses. It provides an insight on contestation of power as a crux to navigate latitude on the political profligacy. This paper thus situates Ndung’u’s selected text, A Friend of the Court within the context of the current polemics of dialectics on ethnic bigotry that results from ethnicization of political power contest. Keywords: Balkanization, bigotry, discourses, ethnicization, historiographyItem Publishing and Perishing? Identification and Avoidance of Predatory Journals(Laikipia University, 2022) Ondimu Jacquiline.,; Yieke, Felicia.Abstract Predatory journals pose a serious threat to the academic community. Pressure to publish, lack of skills to discern legitimate journals from predatory ones and desperation to get published may lure authors to publish with journals deemed predatory. The purpose of this paper is to create awareness on how to identify and avoid predatory journals as well as offer guidance to researchers. Using integrative review of literature published on predatory journals and predatory publishing, the study summarizes the most common characteristics of predatory journals. The main findings are presented in a list of 12 characteristics that may be considered crucial indicators of predatory tendencies. The paper further offers guidance on how to publish in high impact journals. The paper concludes that understanding the characteristics of predatory journals is a critical step towards raising awareness among scholars. The decision an author makes about where to publish can either make them perish or progress in their careers. Keywords: Blacklists, open access, predatory journals, predatory publishing, whitelistsItem Efficacy of Guidance and Counselling Programme in the Paramilitary Establishment among National Youth Service Trainees and Trainers in Gilgil Training College, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2022) Mukadi, Enos Barasa.,; Waiya, LydiaThe National Youth Service (NYS) is a department in the Ministry of Public Service, Youth and Gender Affairs entrusted with the responsibility of offering vocational training to the youth. The Basic Paramilitary Training Programme exposes recruits to psycho-social problems hence the need for guidance and counselling services. Trainees and trainers’ attitude of guidance and counselling programme determines its effectiveness in the paramilitary establishment. The purpose of this study was to determine the trainees and trainers’ attitude on the effectiveness of guidance and counselling programme in the paramilitary establishment in Gilgil training college, Kenya. The study used the ex post facto research design. The target population was all NYS trainees and trainers. The college had a population of 242 paramilitary trainers and 2473 trainees. A sample of 24 paramilitary trainers and 252 trainees were selected through stratified and simple random sampling procedures. The required data were collected through questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents after being pilot tested for reliability and yielded a reliability index of 0.83 for paramilitary trainers’ questionnaire and 0.90 for trainees’ questionnaire. The questionnaires were also subjected to scrutiny by the researchers to establish their validity. Descriptive statistics included percentages, means and frequencies which were used to analyse the data on trainees and trainers’ attitude of the guidance and counselling programme. Inferential statistics included t-test and Pearson coefficient test used to test the hypotheses of the study. The posited hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the guidance and counselling programme was perceived positively by all NYS stakeholders. The study thus recommended that there was need to offer more appropriate training to officer counsellors and provide the necessary adequate resources for effective service delivery. Keywords: Basic paramilitary training programme, guidance and counselling, National Youth Service, trainees, trainers