School of Humanities and Development Studies
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Item Uhakiki Wa Maudhui, Sifa, Ishara Za Mazimwi Na Fani Katika Ngano Za Mazimwi Za Jamii Ya Gĩkŭyŭ(Laikipia University, 2016-09) Kamau,Kiarie MosesThe ogre narratives are common among many African communities. The Gῖkữyữ oral narratives employ complexsymbolism of ogres and stylistic devices and the area has not been researched on. This research therefore aimed at investigating the symbolism of ogres and the stylistic devicesused in Gῖkữyữ ogre oral narratives. The objectives of the study were to look at the symbolism of ogres in the Gῖkữyữ community as portrayed in the Gῖkữyữ oral narratives, examining the characteristics of these narratives based on the stylistic devices and their roles in the community.The research was guided by structuralism and post structural theory. The proponents of the theory includes: Roman Jacobson Rene Wellek and later influenced by Ferdinand de Saussure. The Post Structuralists are associated with Jacques Derrida among others. Structuralists mainly look at the different parts that form the whole structure. They argued that one symbol can have more than one meaning depending on the social context. The Post-Structuralists emphasized on the role of the language use in analyzing the social structure, meaning and their interpretations in terms of selfconsciousness where language is taken as the main axis in giving both the real meaning and the derived one. The data was collected in Nyandarua County. The Oral narratives were first collected from the field fromkey informantswho were elderlyand had experiencein narratingby Snowball sampling. The narratives were taperecordedusing a tape-recorder then transcribed for analysis. A purposeful sample of five narratives whose main characters are the ogre and those that were different from each other with and used various stylistic devices were then chosen from the collected narratives. The data collected finally was analyzed descriptively by studying the themes, character traits and symbols of ogres that they portray in the Gῖkữyữ oral narratives. Thefindings of the study will be usefulto the students, teachers and researchers of oral literature.They will also be useful in preserving oral narratives in literature and therefore contribute towards understanding of the significance of the ogre oral narratives.Item Uchanganuzi Wa Ubabe-Dume Katika Majigambo (Amaibako) Ya Abakuria(Laikipia University, 2015-11) Riro, Matinde SamwelPraise poetry is one of the genres of oral literature among the Abakuria people which narrates their past and at the same time addresses their contemporary issues. Chanters of praise poetry in various contexts are involved in portraying and narrating expectations of the culture of the Abakuria people. By so doing, they play a great role in portraying patterns of power relations between females and males. Hegemonic masculinities in oral literature of partriachal societies such as Abakuria, is an issue which is not clear, more specifically, how it creates and maintains gender inequalities. The objectives of the study were: to examine how praise poetry of Abakuria creates, portrays and maintains hegemonic masculinities, to examine how history, ideology and power relations play a critical role in creating and maintaining hegemonic masculinities in communities with patriarchal system and the roles that praise poetry plays in establishing ideologies of patriarchy. The study was guided by two theories: Ruth Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) and Hegemonic Masculinities.. The research was conducted in Tarime district in Tanzania. Four main clans were involved: Abairege, Abanyabasi, Abakiira and Abagumbe. Purposeful sampling was adopted in selecting the four clans. Snowball or chain sampling was used in selecting the twenty four informants and purposeful sampling was adopted in sampling the thirty praise poems. The primary data of the study was the praise poems, which were supplemented by oral accounts of the informants on various issues related the objectives of the study. The data was obtained through the use of interviews, discussions with informants, participant observation and oral narratives. Two analytic frames were adopted in analysis of data, these included; content analysis and theoretical reflection. The analysis considered language texts, discursive strategies, socio-political and historical contexts. The analysis revealed that language, elements of power, history, beliefs and ideologies of partriarchy contribute to the restoration and legitimization of hegemonic masculinities. It also revealed that male power remains dominant in gender relations. The findings can be applied in an investigation of other praise poems of different communities for comparison purposes.Item Uchanganuzi Hakiki Wa Mtindo Na Maudhui Katika Nyimbo Za Kisiasa: Mfano Wa Wasanii Kutoka Kaunti Ya Murang’a(Laikipia University, 2014-10) Munyao, Josephine Kanini.Nyimbo kama zilivyo tanzu zingine za fasihi simulizi huhusisha matumizi ya mitindo changamano katika kuwasilisha ujumbe wa kisiasa. Utafiti huu ulidhamiria kufanya uchanganuzi wa mitindo ya nyimbo za kisiasa zilizoimbwa na wasanii watatu kutoka Kaunti ya Murang’a: Joseph Kamaru, Kamande wa Kioi na John De’Mathew. Ulilenga kutambulisha, kuainisha na kuchanganua vipengele vya kimtindo vinavyotumiwa na wanamuziki hao na athari zake kwa wakaazi wa Kaunti ya Murang’a. Pia, dhima inayotekelezwa na nyimbo za kisiasa katika kaunti hii ilichunguzwa. Utafiti umelenga kuonyesha iwapo kuna aina mahususi ya mitindo inayotumiwa na wanamuziki hawa. Aidha, utafiti huu umejikita katika kuweka wazi iwapo nyimbo hizi huathiri maamuzi ya wanajamii wa Kaunti hii. Utafiti huu umeegemea kwenye mihimili ya nadharia mbili: nadharia ya uhalisia na ya mtindo. Uteuzi wa sampuli ulikuwa wa kimaksudi. Data ya utafiti huu ilikusanywa kwa kusikiliza kanda za nyimbo za wasanii hawa na kuziainisha katika makundi mawili: za kisiasa na zisizo za kisiasa. Mtafiti ameteua sampuli ya kimaksudi ya nyimbo kumi na tano (15) za kisiasa- nyimbo tano (5) kutoka kila msanii kwa lengo la kuchanganua vipengele vya kimtindo katika kila wimbo wa kisiasa. Wawakilishi Kaunti kumi na sita (16) kutoka kaunti hii waliteuliwa kimaksudi na kuhojiwa ili kupata maoni yao kuhusu maudhui katika nyimbo za kisiasa za wasanii Joseph Kamaru, Kamande wa Kioi na John De’Mathew na athari yake kwa hadhira. Mahojiano hayo yaliongozwa na ratiba ya mahojiano. Mtafiti alinasa kauli zao kwa tepurekoda na kuzitumia zikiwa data ya utafiti huu. Maoni yao yalichanganuliwa ili kubainisha athari za nyimbo za kisiasa za wasanii husika kwa wakaazi wa kaunti ya Murang’a. Uchanganuzi wa data umefanywa kwa njia ya kithamano elezi. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yamedhihirisha kwamba wasanii Joseph Kamaru na John De’Mathew hutumia jazanda, methali, taswira, uhuishi na hurafa katika nyimbo zao za kisiasa katika kuwasilisha ujumbe wa kisiasa. Utafiti huu umebainisha kuwa mitindo hiyo hutumiwa na wasanii kuwapigia upatu wanasiasa, kuihamasisha, kuizindua na kuchochea hadhira yao katika kufanya maamuzi ya kisiasa. Matokeo utafiti huu yatakuwa na manufaa kwa wasomi wa Fasihi Simulizi kuhusiana na dhima ya fasihi katika jamii na vile vile kuhusiana na taaluma ya Elimu – Mtindo.Item Effects of Non-Financial Factors on Customer Switching Behaviour Among Commercial Banks In Naivasha Sub County, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2015-11) Muindi, Urbanus LomboCustomer switching behaviour is an important element of banking strategy in today’s increasingly competitive business environment. Bank management must identify and improve upon factors that affect customer switching behaviour. Since CBK regulates the rate of interest, account charges and loaning, the basis of competition among commercial banks has been on non-financial offers. As a result, banks have designed customized non-financial offers to attract and retain customers. However, despite such strategies, it remains unclear why customers continue to switch from one commercial bank to another. Therefore, the study examined the effect of non-financial factors on customer switching behaviour among commercial banks in Naivasha Sub County in Kenya with a view retaining customers through reduced customer defection rate among the commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted the SERVQUAL Model of service quality. The study adopted descriptive research design. Proportional stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which was administered by the researcher in the commercial banks’ banking halls. Proportional stratified sampling method will be used in selecting the questionnaire respondents. Data was coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics especially multiple regression analysis. Hypotheses were tested using the p-value approach at 95% level of confidence. Data analysis was done with the aid of SPSS version 22.0 statistical software. Results were presented in tables, pie charts and graphs. The average response rate was 86%. The study sample was made up of 56.2% Male and 43.8% Female. The study concluded that product offering was not a significant determinant of customer switching behaviour among commercial banks in Naivasha Sub-County, Kenya while physical facilities and customer service were indeed significant determinants. The study recommends that banks management should train their employees on stellar customer service and also increase the number of branches and service outlets. The study is significant in helping commercial banks in formulation of policies to address customer switching behaviour and reduce defection rates. Further, the study may serve as industry analyses to enable them know how consumers make their choices for banks. Customers will benefit as the banks make attempts to improve their customer services through offering unique toiler servicesItem Diskosi Ya Mafunzo Ya Tendo La Ndoa Katika Jando Miongoni Mwa Wakipsigis Nchini Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-10) Kirui, Kimutai NicholasInitiation ceremony is a very crucial avenue for advising intiates on matters of sexuality. Though sexuality in most African communities is a taboo issue that is rarely openly discussed, a number of scholars have written on discourse analysis in different fields. In this aspect not much has been done on sexuality discourse in the initiation context among the Kipsigis community. This study therefore, seeks to unravel the sexuality discourses in initiation context of the Kipsigis community. The specific objectives of this research was to discuss the themes of sexuality discourses and to evaluate modes of expressing sexuality discourses during Kipsigis initiation rites. This research was guided by the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) theory guided by these pillars: Referential, predicational, argumentation, perspectivation, intensification and mitigation. The data for this research was collected from the library and in the field. At the library the researcher read articles, journals and books from different scholars on internet. At the field, the researcher interacted with the community while collecting data. The researcher used two methods of collecting data that is interview and discussions. Field work research was aided by a recording device called a digital tape recorder. The taped teachings were transcribed in order to identify sexuality discourse topics and strategies used to teach them. The target population was the Kipsigis community and all the topics taught during seclusion. This research dealt with discourses of sexuality taught during male initiation in Kipsigis community. The main place of research was Bomet County, where the Kipsigis community lives. Only three subcounties of Bomet County were selected to represent whole county, these were: Chepalungu, Bomet east and Sotik sub-counties. One specialist from each region was picked. The selection of these subcounties were based on cultural consideration since they have not been affected by urbanization. In order to get accurate data, this research also picked two initiates from the seven age sets. Some of the outcomes of this research revealed that the themes taught are; permission to engage into sexual intercourse, how to engage into sexual affair, persons with whom to engage sexual affairs with and ethics to consider during sexual affair. Some of the strategies used to teach these topics are metaphors, euphemism, symbolism and sarcasm. The findings of this research will be reference point to discourse scholars and discourse analysts. It is anticipated that this research will create a deeper insight into sexuality discourses in gender context. Hopefully the findings will help the policy makers in formulation of policies and strategies that will address gender issues.Item ULINGANUZI WA USEMI WA KISIASA KATIKA KAMPENI ZA URAIS NCHINI KENYA MIEZI MITANO KABLA YA CHAGUZI ZA MWAKA WA 2007 NA 2013(Laikipia University, 2015-11) Kariithi Francis M.Since the advent of multiparty politics in Kenya, language has mostly been used as a political and social weapon, with politicians embracing varied strategies that are aimed at promoting a particular interpretation of a social issue. Following a number of constitutional changes that had taken place in Kenya, it was not clear whether politicians would have been more guarded in their choice of language for fear of being prosecuted for propagating hate speech. In view of the aforementioned, this study set out to undertake a Comparative Political Discourse Analysis during presidential election campaigns five months before both 2007 and 2013 elections. The objectives of the study were to investigate different Discourse Topics during the period under investigation; the study also discussed types of politician’s political strategies during presidential election campaigns. The study also examined the impact of politician’s political discourse during presidential election campaigns. The theory that guided the study was Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). Descriptive method of analysis within the main DHA strategies was employed. Purposeful sampling strategy (Critical case sampling) was used to collect data of politician’s reported utterances five months before 2007 and 2013 elections. The main players were; Raila Odinga, Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto because during both 2007 and 2013 elections campaign these personalities were among the most pronounced politicians who played a pivotal role during presidential campaigns. The data which was analyzed was collected from The Daily Nation and The Standard newspapers. The main Discourse Topics employed by the said politicians formed the basis of the analysis. The study found out that the general choice of discourse topics by politicians is guided by society’s most salient historical issues such as the land question and vote rigging. The study also established that politicians use selected strategies whose objective is mainly to persuade the electorate. The study found out that this political discourse had several effects on society such as re-awakening the past; with respect to tribal affiliations, elites discourse, religious discourse, and character disparagement discourse just to mention a few. The significance of this undertaking is that; language can be seen as a purveyor of social issues and therefore political situations – and language can also be seen as a driving force directed at changing politics and society. It is hoped that these findings will contribute to the field of discourse analysis; more specifically, comparative political discourse analysis. Finally, the study may inform bodies charged with responsibilities of ensuring that Kenyans’ dream of being cohesive and integrated is attained by spelling out where ‘hate speech’ starts and endsItem Usawiri wa Migogoro ya Kindoa Katika Riwaya Teule za Kiswahili: Utengano, Kidagaa Kimemwozea na Mwisho na Kosa(Laikipia University, 2016-09) Nyamete, Florence.Cases of marital conflicts have been on the rise in different families. Causes of these marital conflicts are not clear although some literary works have focused on marriage as an institution. This study aimed at exploring the depiction of marital conflicts in three selected Kiswahili novels: Utengano by Said Ahmed Mohamed, Kidagaa Kimemwozea by Ken Walibora and Mwisho wa Kosa by Burhani Zainabu. Marital conflict is one of the emerging issues that has not been adequately studied in literature. The study sought to fill this gap by examining the representation of marriage in the selected novels. The objectives of this study were: examinining the causes of marital conflicts, clarifying the effects of marital conflicts on the family and society and investigating possible ways of dealing with marital conflicts as depicted in the selected novels. This study was guided by the Theory of Realism. This theory states that the works of literature depict real situations. The research involved the analysis of themes related to marital conflicts, characters and characterization in the selected novels. This was a library research in which the selected research novels and any other work related to the research topic: marital conflicts were read. The sampling procedure used was purposeful sampling. Three selected novels were studied. These were: Utengano, Kidagaa Kimemwozea and Mwisho wa Kosa. Data collection and analysis was based on the textual analysis of the selected novels of study by putting emphasis on: causes of marital conflicts, effects of marital conflicts to the families and investigating possible ways of dealing with marital conflicts as depicted in the selected novels: Utengano, Kidagaa Kimemwozea and Mwisho wa Kosa. The data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive method. The findings of this study show that there are causes of marital conflicts, effects and ways that can be applied to minimize the marital conflicts. It is hoped that the study will be of use to students and researchers of Swahili literature in relation to the area of stylistic devices and themes especially marital conflict in the selected research novels.Item An Examination of Political Domination And Correctional Institutions: The Case Of Manyani Prison In Kenya, 1952 – 2003.(Laikipia University, 2016-09) Ndungu, Kungu John.In the study of prisons, new patterns of interest to historians tend to emerge especially in the context of the colonial and post colonial states. Within the colonial context, state punishment was predominantly exclusionary within the metropole and throughout most of the twentieth century as the dominant penal discourse. It is within this context that this study examined the concept of political domination in context to Manyani prison. The institution was started as a holding camp for “hard core” Mau Mau fighters. Manyani held Mau Mau fighters from 1952 to 1959. It was also used to detain political figures who opposed both Kenyatta and Moi governments. The colonial government preferred Manyani prison because of its harsh environment that was expected to exert maximum physical torture on the detainees so that they could plead guilty and assist in ending the Mau Mau uprising. The study accounted for the place of crime and punishment during the pre-colonial and colonial period. It examined prison conditions and established the rationale for the continued use of the institution long after independence. The methodology of study included collection of both primary and secondary data as well as archival reading and field work. Informants were selected through snowball and purposive sampling procedures. The study utilized internal and external criticism for data analysis. The study provided a historical analysis of Manyani prison from colonial to post colonial era. It also established factors that led to the establishment of Manyani prison. The study unearthed conditions of inmates in Kenya’s correction services, traced the growth and development of the prisons in Kenya. The study added to the historiography of prisons in Kenya. Other beneficiaries of the study include policy makers in the government and the human rights crusadersItem Uchanganuzi Wa Kiisimu Wa Uhalifu Katika Mitandao Ya Facebook Na Baruapepe(Laikipia University, 2024-07) MWANGI, JAMES.Communication has greatly advanced in the 21st centuary following the invention of information technology and the use of internet. The shift of human interaction to the online space has givesn rise to cybercrime and online discourse that is different from spoken and written discourses. Cybercrime has existed ever since internet came to be. Cybercriminals use emails, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, To-go, WhatsApp and many other online platforms to deceive and get money from users. Language is used to lure online users into their evil schemes like distribution of inheritance, commercial messages, phishing, forgery, prize and lottery winning, business loans and offers from banks. This study was guided by three objectives: First, the research was set out to investigate different types of cybercrime in Facebook and emails, analyse the persuasive strategies used by cybercriminals in Facebook and emails and examine stylistic devices in criminals messages. Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis theory by Herring and Persuasive theory by Aristotle which was later advanced by Cialdini and reviewed by Hovland were applied. This research was carried out in the library, where the researcher collected data by downloading texts and pictures from Facebook and email. Being a qualitative research, descriptive design method was employed giving explanation in details in every step. The research sample was selected purposefully using one hundred texts and pictures, which were later reduced to forty seven in accordance with the theories and objectives. The data that was collected revealed that persuasive strategies such as ethos, logos and pathos are employed by fraudsters to convince online users to a point of committing a fraud. The study also revealed that cybercriminals employs several stylistic devices such as repetition, emoji, narratives, rhetorical questions and flashback to ensure they succeed in communication and persuade online users. The study also revealed the presence of various types of crimes on these two online platforms such as forgery, sexual harrassment, threats, discrimination and inflammatory propaganda. The research will be of help to learners and language researchers in the following ways: it will enable researchers analyze different discourses as used by people online and interpret meaning from the contexts. Furthermore, the results will increase knowledge for linguists by analyzing how Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis and Persuasive theories can be used to identify differerent styles of language use and communication strategies that indicates early signs of cybercrime and how this knowledge can be used to detect, prevent and reduce cases of online frauds.Item The Role of Input Quality in The Acquisition of English Past Tense Morpheme: A Case Study of Junior Secondary School Students of Kauwi School in Kitui West Sub-County, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2016-10) Musyoka, Mueni BenedettaThe acquisition of second language has been under investigation by many researchers for a long time but no in-depth studies have been carried out in the area of past tense morphology in the studies carried out in Kenya. Many junior secondary school students in many parts of rural Kenya exhibit errors in past tense marking but not many studies targeting this area have been carried out. It is on this basis that this study set out to investigate the role of input quality in the acquisition of English past tense morpheme by Kauwi junior secondary school students as a case study. The learners’ written work in this school is characterized by poor mastery of the morpheme. The results of this study indicate that the reasons for this outcome can be traced to insufficient input in the acquisition of the morpheme. The objectives of this study were: to examine the nature of the past tense morpheme input exposed to the participants of the study, to establish the effect of experimental quality past tense input on the same participants and to assess the areas of difficulty that the subjects experience with a view to providing intervention measures. The study was guided by the following theories: Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, Chomsky’s Innatist Theory and Natural Order Hypothesis. A pre-test-post-test controlgroup design was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling technique guided the sample selection. Two Form one classes (Form 1 East – 35 students and Form 1 West - 35 ) in Kauwi secondary school were chosen. Form One East was the control group while Form One West was the experimental group. Tense Proficiency Test (TPT) instrument containing items on past tense were used to collect data. The test was designed to cover those topics on past tense which the pretest and post – test groups were subjected to. The two groups were pretested after which the experimental group was taught by the researcher for two weeks unlike the control group. The researcher then observed all the groups again for post-test. The results for pre-test and post- test were subjected to statistical analysis. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of this study strongly indicate that quality input had a significant role in English past tense acquisition. It is hoped that the findings of the study will benefit several key stakeholders in the pedagogy sector like teachers of ESL, curriculum planners, book writers, policy makers and officials in the Ministry of Education, parents of learners and the high school learners themselves.