School of Humanities and Development Studies

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Start date: 2020Has files: Yes

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    Diskosi Ya Mafunzo Ya Tendo La Ndoa Katika Jando Miongoni Mwa Wakipsigis Nchini Kenya
    (Laikipia University, 2024-10) Kirui, Kimutai Nicholas
    Initiation ceremony is a very crucial avenue for advising intiates on matters of sexuality. Though sexuality in most African communities is a taboo issue that is rarely openly discussed, a number of scholars have written on discourse analysis in different fields. In this aspect not much has been done on sexuality discourse in the initiation context among the Kipsigis community. This study therefore, seeks to unravel the sexuality discourses in initiation context of the Kipsigis community. The specific objectives of this research was to discuss the themes of sexuality discourses and to evaluate modes of expressing sexuality discourses during Kipsigis initiation rites. This research was guided by the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) theory guided by these pillars: Referential, predicational, argumentation, perspectivation, intensification and mitigation. The data for this research was collected from the library and in the field. At the library the researcher read articles, journals and books from different scholars on internet. At the field, the researcher interacted with the community while collecting data. The researcher used two methods of collecting data that is interview and discussions. Field work research was aided by a recording device called a digital tape recorder. The taped teachings were transcribed in order to identify sexuality discourse topics and strategies used to teach them. The target population was the Kipsigis community and all the topics taught during seclusion. This research dealt with discourses of sexuality taught during male initiation in Kipsigis community. The main place of research was Bomet County, where the Kipsigis community lives. Only three subcounties of Bomet County were selected to represent whole county, these were: Chepalungu, Bomet east and Sotik sub-counties. One specialist from each region was picked. The selection of these subcounties were based on cultural consideration since they have not been affected by urbanization. In order to get accurate data, this research also picked two initiates from the seven age sets. Some of the outcomes of this research revealed that the themes taught are; permission to engage into sexual intercourse, how to engage into sexual affair, persons with whom to engage sexual affairs with and ethics to consider during sexual affair. Some of the strategies used to teach these topics are metaphors, euphemism, symbolism and sarcasm. The findings of this research will be reference point to discourse scholars and discourse analysts. It is anticipated that this research will create a deeper insight into sexuality discourses in gender context. Hopefully the findings will help the policy makers in formulation of policies and strategies that will address gender issues.
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    Uchanganuzi Wa Kiisimu Wa Uhalifu Katika Mitandao Ya Facebook Na Baruapepe
    (Laikipia University, 2024-07) MWANGI, JAMES.
    Communication has greatly advanced in the 21st centuary following the invention of information technology and the use of internet. The shift of human interaction to the online space has givesn rise to cybercrime and online discourse that is different from spoken and written discourses. Cybercrime has existed ever since internet came to be. Cybercriminals use emails, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, To-go, WhatsApp and many other online platforms to deceive and get money from users. Language is used to lure online users into their evil schemes like distribution of inheritance, commercial messages, phishing, forgery, prize and lottery winning, business loans and offers from banks. This study was guided by three objectives: First, the research was set out to investigate different types of cybercrime in Facebook and emails, analyse the persuasive strategies used by cybercriminals in Facebook and emails and examine stylistic devices in criminals messages. Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis theory by Herring and Persuasive theory by Aristotle which was later advanced by Cialdini and reviewed by Hovland were applied. This research was carried out in the library, where the researcher collected data by downloading texts and pictures from Facebook and email. Being a qualitative research, descriptive design method was employed giving explanation in details in every step. The research sample was selected purposefully using one hundred texts and pictures, which were later reduced to forty seven in accordance with the theories and objectives. The data that was collected revealed that persuasive strategies such as ethos, logos and pathos are employed by fraudsters to convince online users to a point of committing a fraud. The study also revealed that cybercriminals employs several stylistic devices such as repetition, emoji, narratives, rhetorical questions and flashback to ensure they succeed in communication and persuade online users. The study also revealed the presence of various types of crimes on these two online platforms such as forgery, sexual harrassment, threats, discrimination and inflammatory propaganda. The research will be of help to learners and language researchers in the following ways: it will enable researchers analyze different discourses as used by people online and interpret meaning from the contexts. Furthermore, the results will increase knowledge for linguists by analyzing how Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis and Persuasive theories can be used to identify differerent styles of language use and communication strategies that indicates early signs of cybercrime and how this knowledge can be used to detect, prevent and reduce cases of online frauds.
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    Tashtiti Katika Vibonzo Vya Kisiasa: Uchunguzi Wa Vibonzo Katika Tovuti Ya Msanii Gado
    (Laikipia University, 2024-10) Wanjiku, Mburu Kerryann.
    mkubwa kwa watafiti wengi kutokana na uwezo wake wa kusimba jumbe zisizoweza kusemwa wazi wazi. Kwa kawaida, ufasiri wa vibonzo unaweza kuzua utata kutokana na sababu kadhaa. Kwanza, hadhira inaweza kufasiri ujumbe uliopo kwenye vibonzo tofauti na alivyokusudia mchora vibonzo. Pili, katika uchoraji wa vibonzo, mchora vibonzo huchukulia kuwa hadhira yake ina ujuzi wa awali kuhusiana na kinachoangaziwa. Hivyo basi, ikiwa hadhira ya mchora vibonzo haina ujuzi wa awali kuhusiana na kinachosawiriwa, huenda hadhira lengwa isipate ujumbe kama ilivyokusudiwa. Ifahamike kuwa sifa kuu ya vibonzo vya kisiasa ni kuwa vinapaswa kuwa cheshi na vyenye tashtiti ndiposa viweze kuwasilisha masuala tata kwa njia ya kimzaha. Kutokana na hali hii, utafiti huu ulichunguza tashtiti katika vibonzo vya kisiasa vya Godfrey Mwampembwa almaarufu Gado vilivyochapishwa katika mwaka wa 2017 kwenye tovuti yake. Lengo kuu la utafiti huu lilikuwa ni kuchanganua maudhui ya kitashtiti katika vibonzo vya Gado, kisha kuhakiki mikakati iliyotumika katika kuendeleza maudhui ya kitashtiti katika vibonzo vilivyoteuliwa. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Semiotiki iliyoasisiwa na Ferdinand De Saussure, Roland Barthes na baadaye kuhakikiwa na Wamitila. Mihimili ya nadharia hii ilitumika kuchambua mikakati iliyotumiwa na Gado katika vibonzo vyake kwa minajili ya kuendeleza maudhui ya kitashtiti. Utafiti huu ni wa kimaelezo na ulifanyika mtandaoni, pale ambapo mtafiti alipekua tovuti ya Gado (www.gadocartoons.com) na kuteua kimaksudi vibonzo ishirini kutokana na jumla ya vibonzo sitini vilivyokuwa vimechapishwa katika mwaka wa 2017. Uteuzi huu ulijikita katika vibonzo vilivyofungamana na madhumuni ya utafiti huu na vilitumika kama data ya utafiti wenyewe. Baadaye, mtafiti alirekodi data aliyokusanya kwa njia ya maandishi, akaitafsiri, akaisimba na kisha kuichanganua kwa njia ya maelezo. Ufafanuzi wa matokeo ya utafiti huu ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia malengo ya utafiti, mihimili ya nadharia iliyoteuliwa na mipaka ya utafiti wenyewe. Kwa jumla, utafiti huu ulithibitisha kuwa maudhui yaliyojitokeza katika vibonzo vya Gado yalikuwa ya kitashtiti kwani yalilenga kuweka wazi maovu yaliyokuwa yakiendelezwa na serikali ya mwaka wa 2017. Waaidha, mtafiti aligundua kuwa mwanavibonzo Gado alitumia mbinu za lugha kama vile; kinaya, kejeli, metonimia, sitiara, analojia na mwingiliano matini kama mikakati ya kuibua kitashtiti katika vibonzo vyake. Vilevile, utafiti huu ulionyesha kuwa Gado alitumia ishara kama vile; matumizi ya rangi mbalimbali, pamoja na alama kama vile; heshtegi, mviringo na nyota, matumizi ya anwani na vipovu vya sauti kama mikakati ya kuibua tashtiti katika vibonzo vyake. Mwishowe, utafiti huu ulidhibitisha kuwa vibonzo vilivyochapishwa kwenye mtandao, vilidhihirisha uhuru na ukali mwingi katika usawiri wa masuala mbalimbali, jambo ambalo lilisaidia katika kufanikisha lengo kuu la tashtiti; ambalo ni ushambulizi unaochochea mabadiliko. Mwishowe, matokeo ya utafiti huu yalitarajiwa kuwanufaisha wanamawasiliano, wanasemiotiki na wasomi wa masuala ya kisiasa kwa kuwapa mtazamo mpya kuhusiana na matumizi ya maneno na ishara katika kusimba jumbe tata zinazochapishwa kwenye mtandao ambapo kuna uhuru mwingi wa kuelezea masuala tata bila kudhibitiwa.
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    Uchanganuzi Wa Kiisimu Wa Uhalifu Katika Mitandao Ya Facebook Na Baruapepe
    (Laikipia University, 2024-07) Mwangi, James
    Mawasiliano yameimarika sana katika karne ya ishirini na moja kufuatia uvumbuzi wa teknolojia ya habari na matumizi ya intaneti. Kuimarika kwa hali ya kutangamana kwa watu kwenye mitandao kumeongeza visa vya uhalifu. Mawasiliano ya mitandaoni yamesababisha kuwepo kwa diskosi nyingi za mitandaoni ambazo ni tofauti na diskosi za maandishi na za mazungumzo ya moja kwa moja. Uhalifu wa mitandaoni ni uovu ambao umekuwepo kutoka wakati ambao uvumbuzi wa intaneti ulipotokea. Wahalifu wa mitandaoni hutumia baruapepe, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, To-go WhatsApp na njia nyingine nyingi za mitandao kuwadanganya na kuwaibia watu hela. Lugha hutumika katika mitandao hii kuwashawishi watumiaji ili kuingia katika mitego yao miovu. Wahalifu hutuma jumbe za ushindi wa pesa, ugawaji urithi, jumbe za kibiashara, udukizi, uduhushi na utoaji wa pesa na ulaghai wa ushindi katika michezo ya kamari. Utafiti huu ulichunguza aina mbalimbali za uhalifu katika mitandao ya Facebook na baruapepe, kuchanganua mikakati ya ushawishi inayotumiwa na wahalifu na kuhakiki mbinu za lugha katika jumbe za kihalifu katika mitandao hii miwili. Nadharia ya Uchanganuzi wa Mawasiliano ya Kiupatanishi ya Kitarakilishi ya Herring pamoja na nadharia ya Ushawishi iliyoasisiwa na Aristotle kisha kuendelezwa na Hovland na Cialdini zilitumika. Utafiti huu ulifanyika maktabani huku ukihusisha ukusanyaji wa data kwa njia ya kupakua jumbe pamoja na picha katika mitandao ya Facebook na baruapepe. Mbinu ya kiuthamano ilitumiwa katika uchanganuzi wa data. Muundo wa utafiti ulikuwa wa kimaelezo kwa kutoa ufafanuzi wa mambo yote kwa kina katika kila hatua. Sampuli ya utafiti iliteuliwa na mtafiti kimakusudi kwa kutumia jumbe na picha mia moja ambazo baadaye zilichujwa hadi arubaini na saba mintaarafu ya madhumuni ya utafiti. Data iliyokusanywa ilionyesha kuwa mikakati ya ushawishi kama vile imani na maadili, utoaji wa hoja zenye mantiki na hisia hutumiwa sana kushawishi watumiaji wa mitandao hii hadi kufikia kiwango cha kuwatapeli watumiaji. Vilevile, ilibainika kuwa wahalifu wa mitandaoni hutumia mbinu nyingiza lugha kama vile takriri, mdokezo, mbinu rejeshi, nidaa, imoji, simulizi, maswali ya balagha na nyinginezo ikiwa ni njia moja ya kufaulisha mazungumzo yao na kushawishi watumiaji wa mitandao. Utafiti pia ulibainisha kuwepo kwa aina mbalimbali za uhalifu kwenye mitandao hii kama vile utapeli, uumbuaji, unyanyasaji wa kimapenzi, vitisho, ubaguzi na propaganda za kiuchochezi. Utafiti huu utawafaa wasomi na watafiti wa lugha kwa sababu, utawezesha watafiti wengine kuwa na ari ya kuchambua diskosi na kauli tofauti tofauti kama zinavyotumiwa na watu katika mitandao na kuweza kupambanua maana kwenye muktadha. Zaidi ni kuwa matokeo yake yataongeza maarifa kwa watafiti kwa kuchambua namna nadharia ya Mawasiliano ya Kiupatanishi ya Kitarakilishi na ya ushawishi zinaweza kutumiwa kubainisha mitindo mbalimbali ya matumizi ya lugha na mikakati ya mawasiliano ambayo huonyesha dalili za uhalifu wa mitandaoni na jinsi ufahamu huu unaweza kutumiwa kama mikakati ya kujizuia na kupunguza uhalifu wa mitandaoni.