Master Theses and Dissertations
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Item The Social And Political Portrait Of Taaitta Arap Toweett, 1925– 2007(Laikipia University, 2024-10) Sitonik,Chepkoech FancyTaaitta Toweett emerges as a prominent and influential political figure in Kenya's historical landscape, attracting scholarly attention due to his noteworthy contributions and intriguing life trajectory. With a commanding presence, Toweett is characterized by his insightful and earnest demeanor, infusing his life story with a nearly mythical quality that showcases its uniqueness and intricacy. Researchers in contemporary discourse focus on Toweett's formative years, educational pursuits, political engagements, and personal attributes, examining these aspects in depth. Born in 1925 and passing away in 2007, Toweett's life spans significant historical periods, enriching his experiences with both temporal and socio-political relevance. His rise from relative anonymity to political prominence illustrates the intricate paths that leadership takes in Kenya's socio-political context. Toweett's life story presents a fascinating subject for scholarly analysis, inviting exploration of themes such as social advancement, dynamics of leadership, and the interplay between individual will and structural limitations. Through academic investigation, Toweett's legacy emerges as a part of broader socio-political dynamics, enhancing our understanding of Kenya's historical trajectory and the multifaceted nature of its leadership landscape. The study traced the life and times of Taaitta Toweett, assessed his contribution to creating a Kalenjin nation identity, and also explored Taaitta Toweett’s contribution to Kenya’s Socio-political development. The main aim of this study was to examine the social and political portrait of Taaitta Toweett from 1925–2007. To achieve this, the historical research design was used to evaluate and analyze data that was obtained from both primary, secondary, and archival sources. Preliminary data for this study was sought from the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and the National Parliament Archives. This was complemented by data from oral interviews with informants, including his existing lifetime friends, relatives, family members, Members of Parliament whom he worked with, and local administrators. The informants were identified through purposive sampling. Secondary data was sought from the internet, Laikipia University Library, the British Institute of East Africa in Nairobi, the University of Nairobi Library, Macmillan Library in Nairobi, and Kenya National Library Services. Three analytical frames were used to analyze the collected data. They included theoretical reflection, documentary review, and content analysis. The study employed the Subaltern Theory and Great Man Theory. Subaltern theory, introduced by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, presents a valuable framework for analyzing biographies, particularly those centered on individuals from marginalized or oppressed communities. Taaitta Toweett's journey from humble beginnings to becoming a prominent leader in Kenya can be analyzed through the lens of the Subaltern theory, which explores the interplay between his experiences as a member of a marginalized group and the larger social, political, and historical forces at play. Being the son of a Kisii war captive, who was assimilated to the Kipsigis Community, Taaitta Toweett belongs to a marginalized group within Kenyan society. The Subaltern theory places a strong emphasis on the experiences and perspectives of marginalized groups, shedding light on how their identities and histories influence their interactions with power and authority. On the other hand, in the 19th Century, historian Thomas Carlyle popularized the concept known as the Great Man Theory. According to this theory, history is primarily molded by the actions and choices of extraordinary individuals, commonly referred to as "great men." Toweett was indeed a great leader based on his successes in his various political endeavors in the country, and the study explains in detail the role that society played in nurturing Toweett to his political peak. This analysis of TaaittaItem Influence of Managerial Factors on Implementation of Strategic Plans at National Health Insurance Fund, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-09) Gachie, Njeri RahabOne of Kenya's long-term strategic goals is to enhance Kenyans' overall well-being and indicators by moving the focus from curative to preventative treatment and improving health-care services. Over time, the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) has developed strategic plans to guarantee increased service efficiency. However, it remains unclear whether NHIF has been effectively implementing these plans owing to its reported unsatisfactory performance. This purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of managerial factors on implementation strategic plans at NHIF, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: examine the influence of leadership styles; assess the influence of resource allocation; evaluate the influence of managerial skills, and analyze the influence of staff motivation on implementation of strategic plans at NHIF, Kenya. The study was underpinned by the following theories; path-goal theory, dynamic capability theory, contingency management theory and expectancy theory of motivation. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 178 employees which comprised senior management, middle-level management, and technical staff from the three NHIF branches located in Nairobi metropolis namely; Nairobi region, Industrial area, and Westlands. A sample size was 124 respondents was determined using the Yamane formula. Stratified sampling technique was used for selecting participants in the study. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire which was administered using drop and pick method. Data analyses involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included means, frequency and standard deviation while inferential analysis involved multiple regression analyses. Research hypotheses were tested using student p-value approach at 95% level of confidence. The findings of the study indicated that leadership styles, resource allocation, managerial skills and staff motivation had a positive and statistical significant influence on implementation of strategic plans at NHIF, Kenya. Hence, the study concluded that implementation of strategic plans at NHIF, Kenya was influenced by leadership styles, resource allocation, managerial skills and staff motivation at various degrees across the different management levels. The study recommends that NHIF should focus on enhancing its leadership practices, allocate adequate resources, invest continuous managerial skills enhancement and adopt a working environment that fosters staff motivation in order to ensured successful implementation of strategic plans. The findings of the study are expected to; serve as a theoretical foundation for scholars, researchers and academicians undertaking studies in the area, formulation of relevant policies to enhance strategy implementation in public organizations and assist management at NHIF to focus on the key success factors for implementation of strategic plans.Item Effect of Budgetary Control on Delivery of Capital Projects in Samburu County Government, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-06) Lesorogol, Nelson Joseph.To meet their financial objectives, public entities frequently use budgeting as a tool for budgetary control. On the global level, budgetary control systems are used as planning and performance evaluation tools. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Samburu County Government's budget planning affected the completion of building projects. The objectives were to determine how the budget affects capital projects in the Samburu County Government, how monitoring the cash flow budget affects capital project delivery, and how capital-spending planning affects capital project delivery. The investigation into how budgetary control affects capital project delivery in the Samburu County Government was based on the financial theories of agencies, stakeholders, and institutions. A correlation study design was used to forecast the effects on operational budgets, cash flow budgets, and capital expenditure planning over five years between 2017 and 2021. Fifty employees from the 10 Samburu County ministries who work in the job groups J, K, and L were the focus of the study. These departmental leaders were actively involved in creating the budget. Because the target population was limited, the study used the census process to interview all 50 of the selected respondents. Surveys were used to collect the basic data for the study. The use of competent and administrative assumptions verified the substance's legitimacy. A pilot test was conducted at the Laikipia County Government to assess the dependability of the study instruments. The descriptive examination was used to summarize the acquired data. The data were analyzed for relationships using Stata 13, and the impacts were discovered using regression analysis for the impact of operation budget evaluation on capital project execution in Samburu County. The results of this study showed that capital project delivery in Samburu County was essentially affected by budget control, which clarified 77.3% of the fluctuation with P ˂ 0.05. The findings also demonstrated that the Public Finance Management Act 2012 significantly moderated the relationship between budget control and capital project delivery, where the effect size significantly increased to 85.3% of the variance with P ˂ 0.05. The findings of this study can assist county governments in better understanding the factors that influence county budget management frameworks and performance, as well as what ought to be changed to upgrade the aforementioned budget execution. Findings can also be helpful to academics while looking into how budgetary control affects the provision of public services. It may offer politicians and other decision-makers new insights into the delivery of capital projects and the management of public resourcesItem Investor Characteristics and Their Effect On Investment Decisions Among Public University Workers in Kenya(Laikipia University, 2022-11) Mwaka, Musembi Samuel.Investment decision has become part of individuals’ lives in recent days. People invest in insurance policies, fixed deposits, shares, equities, real estate, mutual funds, and government securities among others. Universities are the peak of knowledge hence the community expects that workers in such institutions be on the frontline in making informed investment decisions. Although university staff work in the same environment, different investor characteristics affect their investment decisions differently. However, there is limited information on the moderating effect of mobile borrowing on the relationship between investors’ risk attitude, demographic profile, and socio-economic status on investment decisions. This study investigated investor characteristics and their effect on investment decisions among public university workers in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to; assess the effect of investor risk attitude on investment decisions among public university workers in Kenya, test the effect of the investor demographic profile on investment decisions among public university workers in Kenya, and determine the effect of socio-economic status on investment decision among public university workers in Kenya. The study also examined the moderating effect of mobile borrowing on the effect of investor risk attitude and socio-economic status on investment decisions among public university workers in Kenya. Capital Asset Pricing Model, Efficient Markets Hypothesis, Prospect Theory and Behavioural Finance Theory guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 2069 workers from the sampled Public Universities in Kenya. A stratified random sampling technique was employed from which a sample of 335 was used. Further, data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered using google forms. Data was analysed using regression analysis with the aid of SPSS version 26 software, and Microsoft excel. Charts, tables, graphs, and figures were used to present the results. The results of the study indicated that risk attitude had the biggest effect on investment decision-making since it explained 41.7 percent while socio-economic status explained only 27.5 percent variation in investment decision-making. Compared with other variables, risk attitude had the highest effect on investment decisions as it led to 0.630 units rise in investment decisions for every unit change. In addition, all the demographic factors influenced the choice of investment. However, gender, age and marital status had a negative effect on investment decision-making. The results also showed that investors between the age of 31-40 were willing to diversify their investments, unlike the other age groups. Mobile borrowing was found to moderate the relationship between investment decisions and its predictors. The study concluded that risk attitude was the leading predictor of investment decisions. Since workers between 31-40 years were found to have a much higher affinity for risk and investment, the study recommends that the government consider targeting civil servants and other professionals in this age group by providing them with investment incentives. Further, a similar study could be conducted to assess how mobile borrowing will moderate investment decision-making once the government operationalizes the new law governing mobile lending in the country. The findings of this research are significant in that they will benefit lenders in understanding how various categories of borrowers behave in the investment of the borrowed funds. This will lead to economic growth as most credit facilities will be granted to those likely to invest.Item Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Engagement By Students In Public Universities: A Case of Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-08) Muithui, Wangui Leah.The aim of this study was to investigate the selected factors influencing entrepreneurial engagement among public university students in the Nairobi metropolitan area of Kenya. This study aimed to identify the psychological, socio-cultural, institutional and economic factors that influence entrepreneurial engagement, among university students. The study adopted descriptive research design. Specific areas studied were Nairobi, Kiambu and Kajado counties in the Nairobi metropolitan area. There are six public universities in this region that were included in the study, including the University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya Technical University, Cooperative University, and Multimedia University. The target group included 1,006 public university students from incubation centres and actively involved in entrepreneurial ventures. The sample size was 286 respondents. In this study, open-ended and closed-ended questions were used to collect data. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Descriptive statistical data used frequency and percentage as well as measures of central tendency that were the mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics on the other hand employed correlation and regression analysis. The results were presented in pie-charts, bar-graphs and statistical tables. Data for analysis was obtained from 279 out of the 286 respondents who returned the questionnaire representing an overall response rate of 97.5%. Overall, the findings showed that entrepreneurial engagements among university students could be positively predicted by the factors in the regression model. In particular, the results showed that the psychological well-being of students had a significant and positive influence on entrepreneurial participation among university students in the Nairobi metropolitan region implying that psychological factors significantly predicted students' entrepreneurial engagement in universities, t (278) =9.81;β=0.027; p<0.001). Regarding the Social factors, the study established that social factors have a positive influence on entrepreneurial engagement of university students implying that social factors significantly predicted entrepreneurial engagement of university students (t (278) =13.73; β=0.028; p<0.001). Further the study found that institutional related factors influenced entrepreneurial engagement of university students in doing business and working life implying that institutional factors significantly predicted entrepreneurial engagement among university students (t (278) =14.90; β=0.0308; p<0.001). Economic factors on the other hand significantly predicted entrepreneurial engagement (t (278) =14.38; β=0.0314, p<0.001) which implied that economic development had a positive influence on the entrepreneurial participation of students in public universities within the Nairobi metropolitan region. All the predicting factors (institutional, psychological, socio-cultural and economic) explained 49.11% variance of entrepreneurial engagement (adjusted R2= 0.49.11, F (4, 278) =95.33, p<0.001). This study concluded that university students need to discover, develop and use self-efficacy, innovation, management and fulfil the requirements in order to participate in entrepreneurship. Benefits such as business education, vocational training/curriculum and suitable workplaces should be created for young people who can attend business schools. It is important to encourage policy makers and university tutors to continue using entrepreneurship education as an effective strategy for teaching university students psychological skills such as good interpersonal skills, innovation, management, and the need for success.Item Diskosi Ya Mafunzo Ya Tendo La Ndoa Katika Jando Miongoni Mwa Wakipsigis Nchini Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-10) Kirui, Kimutai NicholasInitiation ceremony is a very crucial avenue for advising intiates on matters of sexuality. Though sexuality in most African communities is a taboo issue that is rarely openly discussed, a number of scholars have written on discourse analysis in different fields. In this aspect not much has been done on sexuality discourse in the initiation context among the Kipsigis community. This study therefore, seeks to unravel the sexuality discourses in initiation context of the Kipsigis community. The specific objectives of this research was to discuss the themes of sexuality discourses and to evaluate modes of expressing sexuality discourses during Kipsigis initiation rites. This research was guided by the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) theory guided by these pillars: Referential, predicational, argumentation, perspectivation, intensification and mitigation. The data for this research was collected from the library and in the field. At the library the researcher read articles, journals and books from different scholars on internet. At the field, the researcher interacted with the community while collecting data. The researcher used two methods of collecting data that is interview and discussions. Field work research was aided by a recording device called a digital tape recorder. The taped teachings were transcribed in order to identify sexuality discourse topics and strategies used to teach them. The target population was the Kipsigis community and all the topics taught during seclusion. This research dealt with discourses of sexuality taught during male initiation in Kipsigis community. The main place of research was Bomet County, where the Kipsigis community lives. Only three subcounties of Bomet County were selected to represent whole county, these were: Chepalungu, Bomet east and Sotik sub-counties. One specialist from each region was picked. The selection of these subcounties were based on cultural consideration since they have not been affected by urbanization. In order to get accurate data, this research also picked two initiates from the seven age sets. Some of the outcomes of this research revealed that the themes taught are; permission to engage into sexual intercourse, how to engage into sexual affair, persons with whom to engage sexual affairs with and ethics to consider during sexual affair. Some of the strategies used to teach these topics are metaphors, euphemism, symbolism and sarcasm. The findings of this research will be reference point to discourse scholars and discourse analysts. It is anticipated that this research will create a deeper insight into sexuality discourses in gender context. Hopefully the findings will help the policy makers in formulation of policies and strategies that will address gender issues.Item Uchanganuzi Wa Kiisimu Wa Uhalifu Katika Mitandao Ya Facebook Na Baruapepe(Laikipia University, 2024-07) MWANGI, JAMES.Communication has greatly advanced in the 21st centuary following the invention of information technology and the use of internet. The shift of human interaction to the online space has givesn rise to cybercrime and online discourse that is different from spoken and written discourses. Cybercrime has existed ever since internet came to be. Cybercriminals use emails, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, To-go, WhatsApp and many other online platforms to deceive and get money from users. Language is used to lure online users into their evil schemes like distribution of inheritance, commercial messages, phishing, forgery, prize and lottery winning, business loans and offers from banks. This study was guided by three objectives: First, the research was set out to investigate different types of cybercrime in Facebook and emails, analyse the persuasive strategies used by cybercriminals in Facebook and emails and examine stylistic devices in criminals messages. Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis theory by Herring and Persuasive theory by Aristotle which was later advanced by Cialdini and reviewed by Hovland were applied. This research was carried out in the library, where the researcher collected data by downloading texts and pictures from Facebook and email. Being a qualitative research, descriptive design method was employed giving explanation in details in every step. The research sample was selected purposefully using one hundred texts and pictures, which were later reduced to forty seven in accordance with the theories and objectives. The data that was collected revealed that persuasive strategies such as ethos, logos and pathos are employed by fraudsters to convince online users to a point of committing a fraud. The study also revealed that cybercriminals employs several stylistic devices such as repetition, emoji, narratives, rhetorical questions and flashback to ensure they succeed in communication and persuade online users. The study also revealed the presence of various types of crimes on these two online platforms such as forgery, sexual harrassment, threats, discrimination and inflammatory propaganda. The research will be of help to learners and language researchers in the following ways: it will enable researchers analyze different discourses as used by people online and interpret meaning from the contexts. Furthermore, the results will increase knowledge for linguists by analyzing how Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis and Persuasive theories can be used to identify differerent styles of language use and communication strategies that indicates early signs of cybercrime and how this knowledge can be used to detect, prevent and reduce cases of online frauds.Item Influence Of Selected Family Conflicts on Pupils’ Emotional Behaviour in Public Primary Schools in Nakuru North Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-11) Kiaritha, Wachuka Dorcas.A stable family is required to nurture a child’s self-worth which enhances emotional development. This has been challenged by family conflict which has been a global and national social problem. Nakuru County in Kenya has recorded family conflicts that potentially have had implications on every segment of the population consequently affecting children’s emotional behaviour. The study therefore aimed at exploring the influence of selected family conflicts on pupils ’emotional behavior in Nakuru North sub-county in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was guided by Client-centered theory and Social Learning theory. The study used descriptive survey design with a target population of 6793 comprising of pupils, teachers and child welfare officers. A sample size of 463 respondents was selected by use of Krejice and Morgan’s sampling table. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents. Data was collected by use of questionnaires. The content and construct validity of the instruments were affirmed by experts in the department of psychology in Laikipia University. A pilot study confirmed the reliability of research instruments with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while quantitative data was analyzed thematically. The results showed that 79.3% of the respondents agreed that physical family conflict affected pupils’ emotional behaviour as attested by fights, quarrels and verbal abuse. In regard to financial family conflict, results showed that 73.4% of the respondents agreed that this factor affected pupils’ emotional behaviour due to unpaid fees and bills or lack of food, clothes and medical care. In regard to whether the selected family conflicts affected pupils’ emotional behaviour by gender and birth order, the results showed 65.6% and 72.1% influence respectively. Further, girls were more affected than boys, displaying negative emotional behaviour such as withdrawal, anxiety and fear, while firstborns were more affected than their siblings. The study thus concluded that physical and financial family conflicts influenced pupils’ emotional behaviour with girls and firstborns being affected the most. The study therefore recommended that schools through teachers and counsellors should strengthen counselling program for victimized pupils and put emphasis on helping girls and firstborns on how to deal with their emotional behaviour. The community through parents and Nyumba Kumi initiatives should be educated on intervention skills for handling family conflict as the government strengthens implementation of policy in regard to child protection as well as integrating family conflict education in the school curriculumItem Effect of Budgetary Control on Delivery of Capital Projects In Samburu County Government, Kenya(Laikipia University, 2024-06) Lesorogol, Nelson Joseph.To meet their financial objectives, public entities frequently use budgeting as a tool for budgetary control. On the global level, budgetary control systems are used as planning and performance evaluation tools. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Samburu County Government's budget planning affected the completion of building projects. The objectives were to determine how the budget affects capital projects in the Samburu County Government, how monitoring the cash flow budget affects capital project delivery, and how capital-spending planning affects capital project delivery. The investigation into how budgetary control affects capital project delivery in the Samburu County Government was based on the financial theories of agencies, stakeholders, and institutions. A correlation study design was used to forecast the effects on operational budgets, cash flow budgets, and capital expenditure planning over five years between 2017 and 2021. Fifty employees from the 10 Samburu County ministries who work in the job groups J, K, and L were the focus of the study. These departmental leaders were actively involved in creating the budget. Because the target population was limited, the study used the census process to interview all 50 of the selected respondents. Surveys were used to collect the basic data for the study. The use of competent and administrative assumptions verified the substance's legitimacy. A pilot test was conducted at the Laikipia County Government to assess the dependability of the study instruments. The descriptive examination was used to summarize the acquired data. The data were analyzed for relationships using Stata 13, and the impacts were discovered using regression analysis for the impact of operation budget evaluation on capital project execution in Samburu County. The results of this study showed that capital project delivery in Samburu County was essentially affected by budget control, which clarified 77.3% of the fluctuation with P ˂ 0.05. The findings also demonstrated that the Public Finance Management Act 2012 significantly moderated the relationship between budget control and capital project delivery, where the effect size significantly increased to 85.3% of the variance with P ˂ 0.05. The findings of this study can assist county governments in better understanding the factors that influence county budget management frameworks and performance, as well as what ought to be changed to upgrade the aforementioned budget execution. Findings can also be helpful to academics while looking into how budgetary control affects the provision of public services. It may offer politicians and other decision-makers new insights into the delivery of capital projects and the management of public resources.Item Tashtiti Katika Vibonzo Vya Kisiasa: Uchunguzi Wa Vibonzo Katika Tovuti Ya Msanii Gado(Laikipia University, 2024-10) Wanjiku, Mburu Kerryann.mkubwa kwa watafiti wengi kutokana na uwezo wake wa kusimba jumbe zisizoweza kusemwa wazi wazi. Kwa kawaida, ufasiri wa vibonzo unaweza kuzua utata kutokana na sababu kadhaa. Kwanza, hadhira inaweza kufasiri ujumbe uliopo kwenye vibonzo tofauti na alivyokusudia mchora vibonzo. Pili, katika uchoraji wa vibonzo, mchora vibonzo huchukulia kuwa hadhira yake ina ujuzi wa awali kuhusiana na kinachoangaziwa. Hivyo basi, ikiwa hadhira ya mchora vibonzo haina ujuzi wa awali kuhusiana na kinachosawiriwa, huenda hadhira lengwa isipate ujumbe kama ilivyokusudiwa. Ifahamike kuwa sifa kuu ya vibonzo vya kisiasa ni kuwa vinapaswa kuwa cheshi na vyenye tashtiti ndiposa viweze kuwasilisha masuala tata kwa njia ya kimzaha. Kutokana na hali hii, utafiti huu ulichunguza tashtiti katika vibonzo vya kisiasa vya Godfrey Mwampembwa almaarufu Gado vilivyochapishwa katika mwaka wa 2017 kwenye tovuti yake. Lengo kuu la utafiti huu lilikuwa ni kuchanganua maudhui ya kitashtiti katika vibonzo vya Gado, kisha kuhakiki mikakati iliyotumika katika kuendeleza maudhui ya kitashtiti katika vibonzo vilivyoteuliwa. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Semiotiki iliyoasisiwa na Ferdinand De Saussure, Roland Barthes na baadaye kuhakikiwa na Wamitila. Mihimili ya nadharia hii ilitumika kuchambua mikakati iliyotumiwa na Gado katika vibonzo vyake kwa minajili ya kuendeleza maudhui ya kitashtiti. Utafiti huu ni wa kimaelezo na ulifanyika mtandaoni, pale ambapo mtafiti alipekua tovuti ya Gado (www.gadocartoons.com) na kuteua kimaksudi vibonzo ishirini kutokana na jumla ya vibonzo sitini vilivyokuwa vimechapishwa katika mwaka wa 2017. Uteuzi huu ulijikita katika vibonzo vilivyofungamana na madhumuni ya utafiti huu na vilitumika kama data ya utafiti wenyewe. Baadaye, mtafiti alirekodi data aliyokusanya kwa njia ya maandishi, akaitafsiri, akaisimba na kisha kuichanganua kwa njia ya maelezo. Ufafanuzi wa matokeo ya utafiti huu ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia malengo ya utafiti, mihimili ya nadharia iliyoteuliwa na mipaka ya utafiti wenyewe. Kwa jumla, utafiti huu ulithibitisha kuwa maudhui yaliyojitokeza katika vibonzo vya Gado yalikuwa ya kitashtiti kwani yalilenga kuweka wazi maovu yaliyokuwa yakiendelezwa na serikali ya mwaka wa 2017. Waaidha, mtafiti aligundua kuwa mwanavibonzo Gado alitumia mbinu za lugha kama vile; kinaya, kejeli, metonimia, sitiara, analojia na mwingiliano matini kama mikakati ya kuibua kitashtiti katika vibonzo vyake. Vilevile, utafiti huu ulionyesha kuwa Gado alitumia ishara kama vile; matumizi ya rangi mbalimbali, pamoja na alama kama vile; heshtegi, mviringo na nyota, matumizi ya anwani na vipovu vya sauti kama mikakati ya kuibua tashtiti katika vibonzo vyake. Mwishowe, utafiti huu ulidhibitisha kuwa vibonzo vilivyochapishwa kwenye mtandao, vilidhihirisha uhuru na ukali mwingi katika usawiri wa masuala mbalimbali, jambo ambalo lilisaidia katika kufanikisha lengo kuu la tashtiti; ambalo ni ushambulizi unaochochea mabadiliko. Mwishowe, matokeo ya utafiti huu yalitarajiwa kuwanufaisha wanamawasiliano, wanasemiotiki na wasomi wa masuala ya kisiasa kwa kuwapa mtazamo mpya kuhusiana na matumizi ya maneno na ishara katika kusimba jumbe tata zinazochapishwa kwenye mtandao ambapo kuna uhuru mwingi wa kuelezea masuala tata bila kudhibitiwa.